JFK (1991)
Reviewed by Jerry Saravia
“Artists use lies to tell the truth. Yes, I created a lie. But because you believed it, you found something true about yourself.”
― Alan Moore, V for Vendetta
I remember a snippet from a largely forgotten pseudo-documentary called "The Man Who Saw Tomorrow" where Orson Welles, who narrated the film, discusses the JFK assassination as foretold by astrologer Nostradamus. A figure's outline is shown inside a grassy knoll at Dealey Plaza that could be another shooter and I remember, at the tender age of 11, being both shocked and riveted by such a finding (not sure a second shooter literally hid in a grassy knoll but that is a discussion for another time). It made an impact on me and it was fulfilled one million fold by Oliver Stone's "JFK," a three-hour indictment of the Warren Commission's reports on the assassination of a beloved U.S. President, John F. Kennedy. The film itself is one of the few genuine cinematic marvels of the 1990's - it is shocking, riveting to the core, blazingly original, exasperating, exhausting and informative with a tremendous macro and microscopic view of the assassination from so many angles that it will leave you gasping for air. It is Oliver Stone's best, most accomplished work, perhaps his most difficult and certainly his most controversial.
Just how controversial was "J.F.K"? A Washingtonian film critic, Pat Dowell, resigned because the editor would not publish her positive review of the film. GLADD came out in full force to protest the film for its allegedly demeaning view of homosexuals, especially the businessman Clay Shaw (Tommy Lee Jones) - however, according to the Los Angeles Times, no member from the group actually saw the film. In fact, GLADD found the film's shooting script objectionable, including a deleted scene (restored to the Director's Cut Blu-Ray/DVD) where Garrison would be falsely accused of soliciting sex from a gay man in a bathroom. Furthermore, LGBT activists were outside the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion attacking "JFK" and "Silence of the Lambs," which were nominated for Academy Awards, for their unflattering and unsavory depiction of gays in general. Critics excoriated the screenplay in its initial drafts while the film was shooting (how did anyone manage to get a copy of the script?) Walter Cronkite, Dan Rather and Jack Valenti attacked the film as a series of lies - Rather had been a reporter on the scene at Dealey Plaza back in '63 but at the time of the film's 1991 release, he had not seen the film yet claimed it was fraudulent. That would be a far more dangerous thing for a journalist to do than whatever inaccuracies are depicted in Oliver Stone's film.
What has proven to be avoided in the discussion of "JFK" is what the film actually entails. Kevin Costner's New Orleans D.A. Jim Garrison sums it up best - "let's speculate, shall we?" That is what Oliver Stone's film is - a wildly speculative assessment of various conspiracy theories that have amassed in the public eye and the literary world since that fateful day on November 22nd, 1963. I do not think Stone addresses the film as truth about who actually shot the President and from what angle - after a while, it doesn't matter nearly as much as
why President Kennedy was killed. Stone, who co-wrote the massively detailed screenplay with Zachary Sklar (both adapting books by Jim Mars and Jim Garrison), begins with Dwight D. Eisenhower's famous farewell address to the nation about the military industrial complex and leads to feuds and vendettas between Kennedy and the Cubans, Fidel Castro, J. Edgar Hoover, anti-Castro demonstrators, the CIA and on and on. No one escapes Stone's Wrath of God polemic - everyone in the film who is not on Garrison's side is a traitor and a villain and, therefore, complicit in the murder of John F. Kennedy. Of course this is also Garrison's point-of-view, though why he attacked a businessman like Clay Shaw without hard proof remains a mystery (the film reveals in the credits that Clay admitted to having worked for the CIA under oath - that doesn't mean he was responsible and it is no wonder the guy was acquitted).
Stone's sledgehammering style shows a headlong urgency and need for a serious wake-up call to the defenders of the Warren Commission. With the help of gifted cinematographer Robert Richardson (who also lensed "Natural Born Killers," "Salvador" and other Oliver Stone films), the frequent film stock changes from black-and-white, to color, to 16mm, to 35 mm, to strobing the image create a probing, phantasmagorical, mind-bogglingingly "Rashomon" perspective. Various witnesses who saw shooters at the grassy knoll, who claimed to have seen Jack Ruby (the one who shot Oswald, exceedingly well-played by Brian Doyle-Murray) at Dealey Plaza, who saw gunfire emerging from places other than the Book Depository, who saw Jack Ruby and Oswald together at Ruby's nightclub, and who saw Clay Shaw gathering and planning an assassination with Oswald and various characters such as the volatile, chain-smoking David Ferrie (Joe Pesci) and a male hustler (Kevin Bacon) who believes fascism is making a comeback, create enough doubt that Oswald acted alone. Twice as chilling is Sally Kirkland as a prostitute named Rose, who reported Kennedy was going to be killed (as a witness, like most others, she ends up dead). There are also stellar turns from a superlative cast, including Edward Asner as a private investigator and FBI member; Jack Lemmon; Michael Rooker as New Orleans Assistant District Attorney whose loyalty to Garrison fluctuates; Walter Matthau as Russell Wong who first instills doubts about Oswald to Garrison; the unbeatable and uncanny Gary Oldman as the alleged patsy Oswald (the similarities to the real Oswald are beyond eerie) and last but not least, John Candy in an atypical, juicy character role as Dean Andrews, a sleazy lawyer. And we cannot omit Donald Sutherland's mysterious Mr. X who, in an astonishingly captivating sequence, reveals the apparatus behind the conspiracy and who would've benefited from Kennedy's murder - a coup d'etat that may or may not have been a result of Kennedy's planned withdrawal from Vietnam.
Ending the film is a 40-minute monologue by Jim Garrison as he presents the case in Clay Shaw's trial of what may have actually happened on that day. It is Kevin Costner's shining moment in his career - an amazingly layered, nuanced and emotional speech that few actors could ever do justice or perform with such conviction. We get all the perspectives, the angles, the possibilities, the half-truths, the lies and the overwhelming sense that maybe we will never know the full story. I've admired Kevin Costner for many years but his Jim Garrison performance is one for the ages.
"JFK" has been outlandishly labeled by the late Jack Valenti as propaganda on the order of Riefenstahl's "Triumph of the Will." "JFK" is not a propaganda piece - it is, as Stone made clear, a "counter-myth" to the Warren Commission Report. That it is, but it also pinpoints to something grander about the nature of art in general - sometimes, as notable documentarian Robert Flaherty ("Nanook of the North") once said, you have to lie to tell the truth. In Oliver Stone's case, you have to lie and invent dramatic situations to get closer to the deeper truth. The truth is we will never know the full truth but we can only suspect.